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- <text id=90TT2960>
- <title>
- Nov. 08, 1990: Japan:Who Needs Equality?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Nov. 08, 1990 Special Issue - Women:The Road Ahead
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 35
- Who Needs Equality?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Not Japanese women, if it means leading the dreary lives of
- their men
- </p>
- <p>By Kumiko Makihara/Tokyo
- </p>
- <p> For a few months last year, it appeared as if a new wave of
- feminism was sweeping Japan, raising a clamorous challenge to
- age-old male authority. It began when housewives, enraged by a
- new tax, swarmed to political rallies, urging that a "voice from
- the kitchen" reach the male-dominated government. Socialist
- Takako Doi, the first woman in Japanese history to lead a major
- political party, inspired an unprecedented number of women to
- run for the Diet's upper house, and they grabbed a record number
- of seats. Prime Minister Sousuke Uno resigned in disgrace after
- a former geisha he had patronized broke her profession's code
- of silence to denounce him as too small-minded a man to lead the
- country. His successor rushed to appoint two women to his
- Cabinet. The press seized upon the opportunity to rave about the
- dawning of Onna no Jidai (the Era of Women).
- </p>
- <p> But one year later, the dawn seems to have darkened. The
- women Cabinet members have been replaced by men. The rallies
- have evaporated. Enthusiasts of Onna no Jidai, it seems, spoke
- too soon.
- </p>
- <p> Though Japanese women are among the best-educated women in
- the world, they are, by Western standards, second-class citizens
- in their own country. Traditional values discourage women from
- appearing outspoken or independent-minded and demoralize those
- who try to climb the political or business hierarchies. Only
- one-fourth of major Japanese corporations have any women at all
- in the middle-management or higher ranks. In government, women
- constitute less than 1% of management-level bureaucrats and
- about 6% of the 764 Diet members. The average woman's annual
- income amounts to only half that of a man's. Why, then, aren't
- Japanese women angry? Why aren't they marching en masse for
- equality? Why didn't they stoke the spark of Onna no Jidai?
- </p>
- <p> The fact of the matter is that equality with men is not a
- particularly appealing prospect to most Japanese women right
- now. Educated young women, those most likely to lead a
- revolution, tend to see their male peers as dull corporate
- drones. Women, meanwhile, with comparatively freer schedules,
- have more time to cultivate their interests. As a result, there
- is a growing perception gap between the sexes. A much discussed
- phenomenon known as Narita divorce illustrates the problem: upon
- arriving back home at Tokyo's Narita Airport, fresh from their
- honeymoons, many worldly young women, shocked to have discovered
- the narrow-mindedness and dependency of their new bridegrooms,
- promptly dump them.
- </p>
- <p> Yutsuko Chusonji is the author of a best-selling comic-book
- series called Sweet Spot, which pokes fun at workaholic men and
- salutes attitudes of young female workers. Rushing out of their
- offices in the evening to practice golf and go shopping, "these
- women savor only the tastiest portion of life," explains
- Chusonji, 28. "Men don't realize that it isn't worth it to work
- more than necessary. Women see that, so they don't want to
- become career women."
- </p>
- <p> Indeed, while a 1985 law bans sex discrimination and
- requires Japanese companies to offer females the same
- opportunities available to males, few women choose to apply for
- career-track jobs. Most opt to work as assistants to men. "I
- could work in the career track if I wanted to, but I'm not that
- interested in banking, and I certainly don't want to do it all
- my life," says a 26-year-old bank employee from Tokyo.
- Typically, a woman will leave her job after the birth of her
- first child and later resume a part-time career or pursue
- hobbies or community work.
- </p>
- <p> Being a housewife is nothing to be ashamed of in Japan.
- Becasue most husbands leave their salaries and children entirely
- in the hands of their wives, women have wide-ranging
- responsibilities. It was not always thus. Traditionally, wives
- and children obeyed the father as ruler of the roost. But
- postwar economic growth toppled fathers from that lofty post by
- imposing longer work hours that kept them away from home. At the
- same time, modern appliances freed women from household
- drudgery. "Housewives can pursue their interests in a carefree
- manner, while men have to worry about supporting their wives and
- children," says Makiko Katagiri, 32, a college-educated
- housewife who plays volleyball once a week and runs the PTA at
- her children's nursery school.
- </p>
- <p> The father's status has so declined that mental-health
- experts speak of a new male affliction: kitaku kyofu sho, or a
- "fear of returning home syndrome." A popular television
- commercial for an insecticide spray shows a father waking up one
- day to find he has turned into a cockroach. The ad warns
- housewives, "If you see a large cockroach, it might be your
- husband. Please check before you exterminate." Even men will
- sometimes admit that their privileged status in society isn't
- all roses. "Women know how to enjoy themselves more than men
- do," says a mid-level executive of a major Japanese auto
- company. "Men are too tired. We're all about to collapse."
- </p>
- <p> Those women who do try to join the professional ranks must
- not only match the men hour for hour but also be prepared to do
- continuous battle with skeptical views of their aspirations to
- be more than lovely but low-level "office flowers." Some
- companies endorse traditional expectations that women will
- resign when they get married. Toyota Motor Corp., for instance,
- gives women who do so a special "farewell money gift" of up to
- three months' salary. And Japanese companies are just awakening
- to the concept of sexual harassment. Many women complain that
- their managers attribute successful business deals by women to
- their feminine wiles rather than their work skills.
- </p>
- <p> Would-be career women face equally great obstacles at home,
- where men feel no obligation to pitch in. A 1986 government
- survey of dual-career couples found that men devote only eight
- minutes of a workday to household chores and child rearing,
- compared with 3 1/2 hours for their wives. Younger men
- increasingly take out the garbage and play with their children
- on weekends but still leave most household affairs to their
- wives. A 33-year-old banker typically relies on his wife to lay
- out his clothes each morning. But, he adds, "I select the
- necktie."
- </p>
- <p> Raising children is another major hurdle, since day-care
- centers usually run for only eight hours and baby-sitters are
- expensive. No wonder many women with careers are not married.
- A 1989 Labor Ministry survey found that 60% of management-level
- women are single, and 36% are childless.
- </p>
- <p> But things are bound to change. Japan faces a huge labor
- shortage, and companies cannot ignore the female labor pool.
- Eager to ease the tight market, the Labor Ministry recently
- developed a training program specifically for women who want to
- return to work. At the same time, the government is urging men
- to shorten their work hours and cultivate outside interests in
- order to improve the quality of their lives.
- </p>
- <p> But none of this can be realized unless men ease the load
- on women by learning how to take care of themselves. "In Japan
- the women's issue is really a men's issue," says Sachiko
- Nakajima, a deputy director at the National Personnel Authority,
- which oversees public employees. Kanagawa prefecture, southwest
- of Tokyo, shares her view. A 1988 prefectural-office newsletter
- published a test to gauge male self-reliance, asking, Do you
- know where your suits, neckties, socks and underwear are kept?
- Have you ever used a washing machine? Can you name more than
- three friends of your children? Only when more men answer yes
- to these questions can Onna no Jidai become a reality.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-